Трамп считает, что согласие Путина на прекращение огня, на которое рассчитывает президент США, ознаменует собой "75% пути" к урегулированию украинского конфликта.
Можно ли назвать честным компромисс, по которому Вам отводится 25%?
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«Если нам удастся добиться этого (прекращения огня) от России, будет отлично. Если нет, у нас это просто будет продолжаться и погибнет ещё много людей», – на самом деле сказал Трамп.
А перемирия, вообще то, никто кроме Трампа не просил.
Россию интересовал вечный мир, англосаксов – бесконечная война.
Британия, Европа и Украина очень рады…
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«Выдающийся прорыв»: британский премьер Стармер и президент Франции Макрон поприветствовали соглашение Вашингтона и Киева, по которому украинская власть согласилась на перемирие.
Премьер Великобритании Стармер после американско-украинских переговоров в Саудовской Аравии заявил, что "приветствует" достигнутое на них соглашение и "поздравляет президента Трампа и президента Зеленского с выдающимся прорывом".
Макрон также поддержал идею о 30-дневном перемирии на Украине.
Отметим, что ранее Стармер и Макрон выступали лишь за «воздушно-морское» перемирие. Но теперь, как видим, поддерживают уже и полное прекращение огня.
Не исключено, что они, также как и Зеленский, надеются, что Путин отвергнет предложение о прекращении огня и война продолжится как и шла, но уже с американской помощью.
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Зеленский подтвердил, что Украина согласилась отказаться от своего предложения о «воздушно-морском» перемирии и принять предложение США о полном прекращении огня.
«Нашим украинским предложением на эту встречу с американцами было три вещи: это тишина в небе – ракеты, бомбы, дальнобойные дроны, и тишина на море… Сегодня в разговоре было предложение американской стороны сделать первый шаг сразу дальше и на 30 дней попытаться установить полное прекращение огня, не только ракет, дронов и бомб, не только в Черном море, а также по всей линии фронта. Украина приняла это предложение, мы считаем это положительным, мы готовы сделать такой шаг. Соединенные Штаты должны убедить Россию сделать это. То есть мы соглашаемся, и если русские согласятся – в тот момент тишина заработает», - завил Зеленский.
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Трамповские ребята просели очень серьёзно.
Нет "сделки по минералам" (т.е. вассальной переприсяги), предоставление разведданных возобновляется просто в обмен на согласие на прекращение огня (куда в британо-французское предложение добавлена ЛБС), наконец, этот бред про "насильственно перемещённых детей", а это формулировка МУС, против которого Трамп вводил санкции.
Была работа с Конгрессом — тут к бабушке не ходи. А уже конгрессмены поработали с Рубио.
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«Главное, что сейчас может сделать Россия, это ответить согласием на предложение Украины». Госсекретарь США Рубио недвусмысленно обозначил корирдор. Миротворчество от создателей «Миротворца».
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ПОЛНЫЙ ТЕКСТ СОВМЕСТНОГО РЕЗЮМЕ ПОСЛЕ ВСТРЕЧИ В ДЖИДДЕ
Текст согласован делегациями из Киева и Вашингтона:
"Сегодня в Джидде, Саудовская Аравия, благодаря любезному гостеприимству наследного принца Мухаммеда бен Салмана, Соединенные Штаты и Украина предприняли важные шаги по восстановлению прочного мира в Украине.
Представители обеих стран высоко оценили храбрость украинского народа в защите своей нации и согласились с тем, что сейчас настало время начать процесс, ведущий к прочному миру.
Украинская делегация подтвердила глубокую благодарность украинского народа президенту Трампу, Конгрессу США и народу Соединенных Штатов за достижение возможного значимого прогресса на пути к миру.
Украина выразила готовность принять предложение США о немедленном введении временного 30-дневного режима прекращения огня, который может быть продлен по взаимному согласию сторон и который подлежит принятию и одновременному выполнению Российской Федерацией.
Соединенные Штаты доведут до сведения России, что взаимность со стороны России является ключом к достижению мира.
Соединенные Штаты немедленно снимут паузу в обмене разведданными и возобновят оказание помощи Украине в области безопасности.
Делегации также обсудили важность усилий по оказанию гуманитарной помощи в рамках мирного процесса, особенно во время вышеупомянутого прекращения огня, включая обмен военнопленными, освобождение гражданских задержанных и возвращение насильственно перемещенных украинских детей.
Обе делегации согласились назначить свои переговорные группы и немедленно начать переговоры по установлению прочного мира, который обеспечит долгосрочную безопасность Украины. Соединенные Штаты обязались обсудить эти конкретные предложения с представителями России.
Украинская делегация подтвердила, что европейские партнеры должны быть вовлечены в мирный процесс.
Наконец, президенты обеих стран договорились как можно скорее заключить всеобъемлющее соглашение о разработке важнейших минеральных ресурсов Украины для расширения украинской экономики и обеспечения долгосрочного процветания и безопасности Украины".
Россия не может согласится ни на такой «мир», ни на такое «перемирие».
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Разговор Путина с Трампом состоится в пятницу, и это «будет больше, чем просто телефонный разговор».
Об этом сообщил журналист кремлевского пула Дмитрий Смирнов.
P.S.
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Советник Трампа по нацбезопасности Уолтц утверждает, что у Зеленского готовы к миру. Эту готовность сегодняшним утром хорошо было слышно в Подмосковье. Во время атаки беспилотников. А тормознуться на 30 дней, чтобы зализать раны в Киеве всегда готовы. Особенно если Америка снова будет посылать оружие и помогать с разведанными.
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С интересом и понятными ожиданиями, Dimitriy.
'Coalition of the willing' is a curious term to revive.
The use of the term "coalition of the willing" to describe the nations that agree to support an international force to help protect any ceasefire deal in Ukraine is interesting and notable.
It could perhaps be an attempt by Sir Keir Starmer to appeal to an American audience as this was the phrase the United States used for its "coalition of the willing" to invade Iraq more than two decades ago.
That intervention ended in disaster, triggering a bloody insurgency and locking the US and its allies into a costly war, despite the successful toppling of Saddam Hussein.
But reviving the words "coalition of the willing" will - if nothing else - remind Washington that London was its biggest and strongest backer when it turned to allies to back its 2003 invasion.
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Who's in, who's out? The 'coalition of the willing' that could secure peace in Ukraine
The idea is being led by the UK and France, two of the most powerful militaries in Europe, but questions remain over who else could be involved. What about Germany, Poland and Italy?
Map of military personnel by country, based on NATO estimates.
A "coalition of the willing" could provide boots on the ground in Ukraine in the event of a ceasefire.
Led by the UK and France, the initiative could see troops from a number of European and NATO countries deployed to Ukraine as peacekeepers in order to deter Vladimir Putin from rearming and attacking again in the future.
Military leaders were set to discuss the idea in the UK on Thursday, as plans move to what Sir Keir Starmer called an "operational phase".
Sir Keir said Europe "must do the heavy lifting" on defence and indicated several countries had expressed interest in being part of the coalition.
There have been reports that the "coalition of the willing" could involve more than 10,000 troops but this has yet to be confirmed.
What is a coalition of the willing?
The prime minister has said the UK, France and Ukraine will work together on a peace deal that could be presented to the US.
The countries committed to working together on this deal would form a "coalition of the willing".
Countries in the coalition could end up sending soldiers to act as peacekeepers in Ukraine in the event of a ceasefire.
Military analyst Michael Clarke said: "It has to be a coalition of the willing because you have at least two NATO members - Slovakia and Hungary - who are vetoing anything that Putin would not like... it's the same with the EU."
This approach would allow NATO members to act in a group but not under the NATO umbrella, avoiding vetoes from member states who don't approve or don't wish to be involved.
Sir Keir's choice of the term "coalition of the willing" is also interesting. It's perhaps intended to remind an American audience of a previous use of the same phrase: when the UK, Poland and other countries joined the US invasion of Iraq.
Russia has so far rejected the idea of any NATO or European peacekeeping force in Ukraine.
Which countries might be in?
Sir Keir is being "quite coy about who the willing are", Prof Clarke said.
The initiative is being led by the UK and France, so it seems a safe bet that both countries would be involved in the coalition.
Both have powerful militaries and the two nations are also the only countries in Europe with nuclear weapons.
"The important thing is that Britain and France are going to lead it because they are the two most important military powers in Europe," Prof Clarke told Sky News.
It is notable that France's President Emmanuel Macron originally raised the possibility of French troops in Ukraine last year, when he refused to rule it out.
The Baltic states - Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia - are also likely to be involved, Prof Clarke says. All four countries are in NATO and share borders with Russia.
Finland will "definitely" be part of the coalition, the country's foreign minister said on 12 March.
"We are definitely part of the coalition of the willing, and we are looking at the package of capabilities which we have to put to the table in order to help Ukraine in securing itself," Elina Valtonen told Times Radio.
Turkey, which has the second largest army in NATO, is ready to send peacekeeping troops to Ukraine if necessary, according to a Turkish military source.
Speaking anonymously on 6 March, the source said discussions on a Turkish deployment remained conceptual, with no concrete decisions yet made.
Despite fierce opposition from its government's allies, Spain will take part in a European military mission to Ukraine, El Pais reported.
Spain's government has faced a number of crises at home and spends around 1.28% of GDP on defence, well below the NATO 2% target.
Not in Europe but a NATO member, Canada seems another potential contributor to the coalition of the willing.
Former prime minister Justin Trudeau, when asked about a potential deployment of troops as part of a peacekeeping force, said yesterday: "Canada has looked at the ways it can best help and as I've said a few days ago, everything's on the table."
Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has said he is "open" to sending troops to Ukraine as peacekeepers.
Speaking on 3 March, he said: "There's discussion at the moment about potential peacekeeping, and from my government's perspective, we're open to consideration of any proposals going forward, as Australia has historically played an important role in … a range of peacekeeping areas."
Who's out?
Prof Clarke said Poland and Germany are among those not expected to send troops as peacekeepers.
Poland has one of the strongest militaries in Europe and aims to spend 4.7% of its GDP on defence this year, well above the NATO target.
But it also has a long border with Ukraine and Belarus and is concerned about its own security.
Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk last month said: "We do not plan to send Polish soldiers to the territory of Ukraine."
"We will... give logistical and political support to the countries that will possibly want to provide such guarantees in the future, such physical guarantees."
As the biggest economy in Europe, Germany is a crucial part of any united response to the Ukraine war.
But a new government has not yet been formed after last month's elections.
Outgoing Chancellor Olaf Scholz has previously ruled out sending German troops to Ukraine as peacekeepers.
While his government has provided substantial support to Ukraine since the full-scale invasion, he has been seen by some as hesitant - for example resisting calls to send the vaunted Taurus missiles to Kyiv.
Friedrich Merz, who is expected to replace him as chancellor once the new government is in place, has taken a harder line, including on pledging Taurus missiles, so it remains to be seen if his attitude on deploying troops will also deviate from his predecessor.
Italy is not sending troops at this stage, Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni said on 16 March following the virtual call with European leaders organised by Sir Keir.
The Italian government released a statement saying she "confirmed that Italy intends to continue working with European and Western partners and with the United States to define credible and effective security guarantees", but that she reiterated that "national participation in a possible military force on the ground is not envisaged".
What about America?
The elephant in the room is the biggest contributor to NATO: the US.
For example, of the 5,015 fighter and fighter ground-attack aircraft in NATO, 2,951 of them are from the US, and a further 1,108 are US-made, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies thinktank.
And America's military is not just the largest in the world, but its ability to support troops in the field in terms of logistics is very hard to replace.
The coalition of the willing initiative seems designed to show President Donald Trump that Europe is serious about shouldering the defence burden and taking on more responsibility for the defence of Ukraine.
It should be pointed out that while the US is the single biggest donor to Kyiv, Europe as a whole has pledged more, according to the Kiel Institute for the World Economy thinktank.
The hope seems to be that the coalition of the willing initiative would persuade the US as the world's most powerful military to pledge support as a backstop, to underwrite the peace deal.
It's unclear so far what Washington's response will be, particularly after the fiery meeting between Mr Trump, vice president JD Vance and Mr Zelenskyy.
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С интересом и понятными ожиданиями, Dimitriy.
El precio de los huevos bajó, aunque todavía no lo refleje tu recibo
Su precio al por mayor ha bajado bruscamente desde principios de marzo en Estados Unidos. Pero como los huevos suelen tener una vida útil de cuatro semanas, puede que aún no cambien los precios en las tiendas.
El precio al por mayor de los huevos ha bajado bruscamente desde principios de marzo, tras haberse disparado durante meses, pero quizá los compradores de comestibles tarden unas semanas en notar el descenso.
Los precios al por mayor de los huevos, que es lo que pagan los minoristas por adquirirlos, han bajado a un promedio nacional de apenas más de 4 dólares por una docena de huevos blancos grandes, frente a un máximo de más de 8 dólares a finales de febrero, según datos del Departamento de Agricultura publicados la semana pasada.
Pero como los huevos suelen tener una vida útil de cuatro semanas, puede que hasta finales de marzo no empiecen a bajar los precios al por menor, dijo Jeremy Horpedahl, profesor asociado de economía de la Universidad de Arkansas Central. Algunas tiendas, añadió, tal vez no reduzcan los precios hasta que se agoten sus existencias actuales.
Los economistas afirmaron que el descenso de los precios al por mayor, que siguen estando por encima de los promedios a largo plazo, se debió muy probablemente a una combinación de factores: el control de la gripe aviar, la menor demanda de los consumidores, el aumento de la oferta y las decisiones de los productores sobre los precios. El Departamento de Agricultura señaló que en marzo no se habían producido brotes significativos de gripe aviar, pero los economistas afirman que cualquier nuevo brote podría hacer subir de nuevo los precios. El virus ha obligado a los productores de huevo a sacrificar decenas de millones de gallinas desde finales del año pasado.
En febrero, el precio al por menor de los huevos subió un 10,4 por ciento respecto al mes anterior, continuando una subida que duraba ya varios meses, según datos de la Oficina de Estadísticas Laborales publicados la semana pasada.
Los economistas observaron que los precios podrían no bajar por igual en todo el país. Según Horpedahl, en las zonas donde compiten las tiendas de comestibles los precios de los huevos bajan más rápidamente, mientras que en las dominadas por una sola cadena, con poder para mantener los precios altos durante más tiempo, puede que no. Los precios al por menor a veces también dependen de las estrategias de las cadenas de supermercados, ya que algunas optan por mantener los precios más bajos para atraer a los clientes a las tiendas.
“Pueden trasladarnos el ahorro de los precios al por mayor en su totalidad, o no trasladarnos nada, o algo intermedio”, dijo David Anderson, profesor de economía y negocios del Centre College de Danville, Kentucky. La elevada demanda de huevos en vísperas de Semana Santa quizá mantenga los precios elevados hasta entonces, dijo.
El presidente Donald Trump, que hizo de la reducción de los precios de los alimentos un elemento clave de su campaña, ha aprovechado la tendencia de los precios al por mayor, citando el descenso en su discurso de la semana pasada en el Departamento de Justicia. Al mismo tiempo, sus aranceles generalizados han avivado la preocupación por un aumento de los precios de una serie de productos, incluidos los alimentos básicos.
El precio de los huevos y otros comestibles creó angustia durante el gobierno de Biden, y se convirtió en una de las principales preocupaciones de los votantes en las elecciones de 2024. Un brote de gripe aviar en 2022, junto con el aumento de los costos del combustible, los piensos y el envasado debido a la pandemia del coronavirus, elevaron los precios al por mayor de los huevos a casi 5 dólares la docena en su punto máximo. Aunque el repunte de los precios de los huevos fue menor que la reciente subida, la inflación general fue mayor, lo que supuso una presión sobre los presupuestos familiares.
Los productores de huevo han culpado a la propagación de la gripe aviar por la escasez de suministros. United Egg Producers, la asociación comercial del sector, señaló que la industria había perdido más de 40 millones de gallinas ponedoras en 2024 y 31 millones apenas en los dos primeros meses de este año, al acelerarse el virus.
Anderson dijo que la gripe aviar había afectado a la oferta de “forma dramática”. Pero al mismo tiempo, añadió, “la industria podría ver la epidemia de gripe aviar como un pretexto para subidas de precios adicionales que no son necesariamente necesarias”.
“Parte de ello es que realmente están afrontando una crisis”, dijo. “Otra parte podría ser: ‘¿Tenemos alguna excusa para mantener nuestros precios artificialmente altos?’”.
El Departamento de Justicia se encuentra en las primeras fases de una investigación antimonopolio para averiguar si los principales productores de huevo han compartido información sobre precios y oferta que haya contribuido a un repunte de los precios. Algunos legisladores y grupos de defensa habían pedido anteriormente que los reguladores federales investigaran las prácticas de fijación de precios del sector.
Цитата:
Egg prices jumped 142%, gasoline's 121%: Check how food prices soared in the U.S. from 2005 to 2025
Driven by avian flu outbreaks, egg prices have surged dramatically, reaching $5 per dozen. This trend is part of a broader increase in food costs over the past two decades, affecting items like bread and bananas. The shortage has led to increased egg seizures at U.S. borders and imports from Europe.
The skyrocketing price of eggs, driven by avian flu outbreaks, has turned a once-affordable staple into a costly item for American households. But eggs are just one part of a larger trend—food prices across the U.S. have surged over the past two decades, impacting everything from bananas to bread.
Meanwhile, accoding to reports egg seizures are surpassing fentanyl interceptions at US borders, occurring alongside national poultry shortages caused by avian influenza.
US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) statistics show 5,572 egg product interceptions in the present fiscal year, whilst there were 15,955 seizures in fiscal year 2024 and 16,541 in fiscal year 2023. Comparatively, fentanyl seizures in fiscal year 2025 numbered 413, weighing 6,184 pounds, while fiscal year 2024 recorded 1,116 seizures totalling 21,889 pounds, according to USA Today.
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С интересом и понятными подозрениями, Dimitriy.
Вэнс всё сказал! Экономика по-русски 29 03 2025. Михаил Хазин.
Михаил Леонидович – экономист.
Разница между его пониманием и пониманием специалиста по теории Рекламы не меньшая, чем между ним и теми, кого он в своем монологе называет «технарями», которых научили «как?», но не объяснили «зачем?».
Как Вы помните, всего существует четыре участника преобразования опыта Сред:
• ЕСО>ИСО – естественные: Производство и Потребление;
• ИСО>ЕСО – искусственные: Распределение и Управление.
И соответственно, две последовательности такого преобразования:
• ЕСО>ИСО: Производство – Управление и Потребление – Распределение*;
• ИСО>ЕСО: Распределение – Потребление и Управление – Производство*.
«Перемена» направления преобразования Опыта во вторых парах, обуславливается знаком преобладания, т.е. Опыт всегда движется в одном и том же направлении (ЕСО>ИСО:Производство - Управление – Распределение – Потребление и ИСО>ЕСО: Распределение - Потребление - Производство - Управление), но роли участников его преобразования меняются в зависимости от знака преобладания Систем.
Например, в СССР, в ИСО>ЕСО, при плановом ведении хозяйства, сперва Распределяли, а после Производили и соответственно сперва Управляли, а после Потребляли.
Что совершенно понятно, т.к. Формы Товара нашего родного Производства, под руководством нашего родного Распределения, всегда являлись полуфабрикатами и нуждались в обязательной финальной доработке.
А в США, в ЕСО>ИСО, в рыночной экономике, сперва Производили, а после Распределяли и соответственно сперва Потребляли, а после Управляли.
И вот патриот США (ЕСО>ИСО), Венс, предлагает сперва Распределить, потом Произвести и Потреблять только после Управления.
А мы помним, что случилось с СССР, с ИСО>ЕСО, после того, как Михаил Сергеевич развернул экономику харей к людям, поставив Производство перед Распределением, а Потребление перед Управлением.
Удивительно, что многомудрый Михаил Леонидович, прекрасно понимающий реальную роль либеральной экономики в жизни России последних 30 лет, желает патриотам США станцевать на тех же граблях, на которых Россия плясала в 90-х.
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С пониманием и отраслевыми пожеланиями, Dimitriy.
Примечательная отраслевая статья, прослеживающая развитие упаковки по набору её фрагментов в гнёздах птиц за последние 30 лет.
К сожалению а.п. редакция «The Guardian» не поддерживает публикацию иллюстративных материалов статей на сторонних ресурсах.
Поэтому а.п. был вынужден вместо иллюстрации сводной таблицы артефактов упаковки привести только ссылку на неё:
Цитата:
Цитата:
From burger wrappers to masks, bird nests tell story of throwaway culture
Nests on Amsterdam canals provide archive of plastic waste and show how the material ‘is really here to stay’
One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam.
Perhaps it was a quick bite after work? A leisurely stroll down the canals? A family outing? These details are lost to time, but others are hard to erase completely.
This meal left a permanent mark on the local environment when a nesting coot found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest, where it remained.
“It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing history, but also these birds are taking notes, keeping a score and then documenting our throwaway society,” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian Hiemstra, who has been researching the influence of the Anthropocene era on birds’ nests in Amsterdam’s canals.
Hiemstra is a researcher who works on animal architecture and specialises in builds made with artificial material. When investigating nests in the canals, he found a variety of old packaging discarded from the early 1990s up to last year.
The Eurasian coot only started to migrate to Amsterdam in the late 1980s and Hiemstra’s findings of packaging from 1994 could show the entire life span and heritage of the species’ existence in the area.
Hiemstra identifies the year from which the packaging originates using best before dates or researching the era in which the logo designs were used.
Some of the nests have packaging from more recent foods, which gives researchers a more accurate date of when the nest would have been built. “One nest had a package of fresh milk, and so we knew that the expiry date could not be that far from the day that it was consumed,” he said.
Some relics found in the nests include Mars bar packaging advertising the 1994 World Cup, while a more recent nest was made with a layer of face masks, a lasting impact of the waste from the Covid-19 pandemic.
While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs and moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply.
Hiemstra said there would probably be a return of natural nests if people focused on regreening cities and bringing natural water vegetation back, but in the meantime the birds were successfully working with what they had.
“We had this very polluted swan nest in Amsterdam, and everyone was talking about it, saying ‘such a shame’ and ‘what a horrible nest’,” he said. “However, the swan was very happy with the nest and it had five chicks, and they all made it to adults. For the swan it was a very successful nest. In a way, the same goes for the coots.
“Our litter for them is not a waste product but something very valuable. I really hope we can learn something from these animals to re-evaluate how we think about our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material yet we use them for single use and throw them away.”
“It’s really frustrated me, the term ‘throwaway society’. The ‘away’ is not a specific place, ‘away’ is still here,” Hiemstra said.
“Around 80% of all the plastics that [have ever been] produced are still on the planet right now somewhere.”
Plastic can take 20 to 500 years to decompose and according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development only 9% of plastic is actually recycled.
Hiemstra said we were more aware of the dangers of single-use plastic, but the research showed damning evidence of damage that had already been done.
“We all know that plastic does not fall apart – in the 50s it was praised that this material does not fall apart. Now, we are a little bit afraid because it does not fall apart. Our thinking about plastics has really changed.
“We know that it doesn’t fall apart but finding these materials that have been littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday; that really gave me the chills. This material is really here to stay.”
Цитата:
These birds are keeping a record of humanity—one wrapper at a time
An advertisement for the 1994 World Cup, fast food wrappers, COVID-19 masks—what birds used to build their nests reflects a world with more plastic.
Coots, rotund black waterbirds with big feet, don’t seem like they’d run the waterways. But in Amsterdam, they’re the “canal gangsters,” territorial and tenacious. They moved in from nearby farms more than thirty years ago, and they’ve toughed it out even in the dense urban core.
Scientists are researching how coots and other birds adapt to urban environments and whether that move is even a good thing.
Now, a new study unravels thirty years of plastic trash in one of the city’s biggest coot nests, revealing when coots build and breed in the city.
One particularly large nest documented 30 years of coots living in the red-light district. The oldest item in the nest was a Mars bar advertising the 1994 World Cup; the newest, a protein bar wrapper. Candy packaging, McDonald’s sandwich wrappers, and face masks represented the years in between, the latter correlating with the COVID-19 pandemic. Similar face mask layers were also found in other nests.
By dissecting the plastic stratigraphy found in the birds’ nests scientists say it’s not just birds they learn about, but humans too.
Coots take on the concrete jungle
The Netherlands’ capital city has concrete canals, throngs of tourists, and little vegetation. Unlike the idyllic farms and wetlands that surround the city, it’s not the most appealing spot for a coot looking to nest.
Nevertheless, the birds arrived in the 1980s.
“A few brave ones must have been exploring and ended up in the heart of the city,” said Auke-Florian Hiemstra, a biologist at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands who led the study.
The coots persisted. They began building nests with whatever they could, and that mostly meant trash, from food wrappers to condoms. Today, there are at least 200 coots in the city, Hiemstra estimated. Their messy nests dot docks, pilings, and boats, to the owners’ chagrin.
Hiemstra wondered what the plastic nests of Amsterdam’s coots could tell him not only about the birds’ behaviors, but also about humans.
Curating the Anthropocene
Hiemstra his colleagues collected 15 abandoned coot nests from around Amsterdam. In the nest with the longest and most dateable history, researchers spent slow hours dissecting the nest layer by layer, examining each piece of trash for clues to its age, such as expiration dates or old logos. Once they completed their stratigraphy, they compared when they thought nest-building had happened to Google Street View, first available in 2008, from the nest locations.
“I was studying all the garbage so intensely, especially McDonald’s,” which contributed a significant portion of the dateable trash, Hiemstra said.
Their plastic-based nesting timeline matched up with street imagery. In one year, they could see a coot on the nest; in another, the nest was clearly built up with plastic, and people sitting nearby were eating food with disposable packaging. That gave Hiemstra confidence that his inferences about nesting patterns were accurate.
Studying nests is one of the only ways biologists can study bird behaviors without directly observing them, and opportunities to granularly dissect and date a nest like Hiemstra did are rare, said Dominique Potvin, a behavioral ecologist at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia who was not involved in the study.
Potvin’s previous work found that plastic begins appearing in nests around 1950, when plastic use ramped up worldwide. (As newspapers declined, so did their presence in nests, removing useful, obvious dates.)
“The fact that you can look at trends over time is really neat,” Potvin said. Other birds, such as spoonbills, thrushes, and gulls, use plastic for their nests — “it’s a global phenomenon,” she said—but she’d only seen similar nest stratigraphies studied in one other species, bowerbirds.
Still, only about five percent of the material in the large nest was dateable, so Hiemstra still has questions. For example, it’s hard to confirm whether thicker layers of plastic correlate with more foot traffic. He’s also set on finding older nests of other bird species that used plastic, perhaps as far back as the 1950s.
Since his study published, archaeologists have reached out to Hiemstra, excited by the possibilities of plastic nests as records of human activity. “Many never really thought about these bird nests as being archeological deposits,” he said. “Sadly, in the Anthropocene, they are.”
Adapted, but trapped?
Both Hiemstra and Potvin wonder whether plastic nests are helping or harming coots. Plastic nests last longer than natural nests, but that may not mean better protection from predators or the elements. The birds could get tangled in them, especially in items with strings, like face masks. They could choke or suffer internal damage if they eat the trash. And harmful chemicals could leach out.
There’s also the question of whether it’s good that the birds have adapted to live in the city, with its many threats.
“On the one hand, it’s great that they’re able to persist in urban environments and environments we’ve changed, because we’re changing so much of the world,” Potvin said. “But we do see that they can suffer.”
Polluted air and water can impact their health, and if new foods alter their hormones, their reproductive success can drop.
Hiemstra and his collaborators plan to keep studying the pros and cons of plastic construction, and he’ll keep looking for coot nests with dense plastic records like those in the study. The plastic in nests is “kind of a mirror,” Hiemstra said. “It really tells us how humans are treating the environment.”
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Цитата:
Birds documenting the Anthropocene: Stratigraphy of plastic in urban bird nests
The amount of plastics produced annually continues to grow. Of all the plastics ever produced, 79% is still with us, as they remain in landfills or in the natural environment (Geyer et al., 2017). The disruption driven by our collective human activities on Earth may result in a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2021). This contemporary period in the geological history of planet Earth is defined by the impact humans have on our natural world and is already a firmly established term in environmental sciences. Plastic may be used as a global marker for the Anthropocene, which allows plastic items to be used as “index fossils” to date with accuracy sediment layers within the Anthropocene epoch (Corcoran et al., 2017), especially using the expiration date printed or stamped on food packaging or perishable products in general as a back-dating tool (Cau et al., 2019; Hoffmann & Reicherter, 2014). Single-use plastic food and drink packages now dominate plastic production (Geyer et al., 2017; Williams & Rangel-Buitrago, 2022) and consequently are the categories of litter most often encountered in Dutch freshwater systems (Boonstra & de Winter, 2019, p. 19). As these types of packaging are so widely present as litter, the material has also been adopted by birds to build their nests. Building with artificial materials is widespread (Jagiello et al., 2023), and a broad range of items may become part of a bird nest, even materials that are meant to deter birds (Hiemstra et al., 2023a). Food and drink packages have been documented as nest material in a wide variety of birds (Appendix S1: Section S1), one of which is the common coot (Fulica atra; Hiemstra, Gravendeel, et al., 2021). An urban population of the latter species in Leiden, The Netherlands, proved to be one of the first bird populations for which all nests contained plastic (Hiemstra, Gravendeel, et al., 2021). The common coot is a wetland bird that in The Netherlands originally built its nests of plant materials which rapidly decay, so coots normally construct a new nest every year (Gadsby, 1978; Jedlikowski & Polak, 2019). However, as plastics and other artificial, more durable materials are used for nest construction, new behavior, namely, the reuse of nests from previous years, may appear. This, in turn, may create a history of multiple years of nest use, reuse, and reconstruction to be studied using the stratigraphy of dateable plastic debris in the nest.
To document such a history of reuse, we collected common coot (F. atra) nests in the city center of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on 22 September 2021 (after the end of the breeding season, when all nests were abandoned). Before collecting, each nest was checked for the presence of nidicoles like smooth newts (Lissotriton vulgaris), which may hibernate in waterfowl nests (Van Der Goot et al., 2022). If none was detected, nests were collected by hand, stored in large sturdy plastic bags, and brought to the lab for further analysis. There, the nests were deconstructed and split into piles of natural and artificial items, which was easy to do as nest material either consisted of “twigs” or “macroplastics,” like near complete items of packaging. Each artificial item was subjected to a thorough examination with particular emphasis on identifying information that could serve as dating criteria. Specifically, items featuring packaging details like production dates, expiration dates, or copyright registration years were retained for further analysis (Cau et al., 2019). We interpreted all expiration dates as EU dates, instead of the US notation, as they were most likely locally bought. We discovered two nests that displayed a particularly rich stratigraphy, which we report upon in this paper. To prove the validity of the plastic nest stratigraphies, we screened archived Google Street View images for obtaining historical insights into nest occupancy. This allowed us to track nest site activity over time, and link those visual observations of the nest to the expiry dates of the plastic nesting material.
The most striking common coot nest was found underneath the dock of the Oude Turfmarkt, at the Rokin (52.368192° N, 4.893292° E). This nest, further referred to as the Rokin nest, was built on top of a disused foundation pile, the top of which is just above water level (Figure 1A–C). The metal tube is slightly longer than the pile, and creates a hollow space of around 20-cm deep which, over the years, has been filled with nesting material from successive generations of nest site reuse by birds. During deconstruction of this nest, 635 artificial items were counted; 206 items were food-related, of which 32 (5%) showed an expiry date. From these dateable items, a picture emerges of what happened at this nesting site over the past 30 years. As the nest was located at a dock for tour boats, which were constantly mooring, the nest could not be deconstructed layer by layer in chronological order. Yet while collecting, we observed recent top layers of facemasks and the deepest layers of nest material showed plastic dating back to the early 1990s. The timeline in Figure 1D shows the dateable pieces of nest material which were found in the nest, grouped by year, and indicating presumed breeding (attempts). A descriptive list of nest items is presented in Appendix S1: Section S2 (together with a more in-depth site description) and all dateable pieces of plastic were deposited in the collection of Museon-Omniversum, The Hague, The Netherlands, with registration number 239120. The older nest material could be linked to visual observations of nesting attempts thanks to photos in Google Street View in which the nest site is visible. Coots were indeed nesting in the years corresponding to the expiration dates found in the nest (Appendix S1: Section S3).
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Another nest from Amsterdam also shows clear signs of reuse. The nest from Onbekendegracht (52.36242° N, 4.90474° E) had 40 dateable plastics, of which 22 were from 2019. However, on top of the nest were facemasks woven into the structure: personal protection equipment related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which had not started during the breeding season of 2019. The timeline in Figure 2 shows the dateable pieces of nest material which were found in the nest, again grouped by year, indicating presumed breeding (attempts). This nest is also visible on Google Street View, and photos from 2021 clearly show the addition of a new layer on top of the old nest, also with what appears to be plastic (Appendix S1: Section S4). A descriptive list of nest items is presented in Appendix S1: Section S5 (together with a more in-depth site description), and these dateable plastics have also been deposited in the collection of Museon-Omniversum, The Hague, The Netherlands, with registration number 239121.
Besides these two nests, another 13 nests from Amsterdam included plastic material with expiry dates from multiple time periods. Some nests contain material dated prior to the year that they were collected (Appendix S1: Section S6), which could be the result of reuse. In addition, we found nests built in 2021 for which the plastic items do not indicate reuse, as all dates are from the year of collection, or later (Appendix S1: Section S7).
Here, we describe constituents of nests of the common coot from the canals of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, which are being reused, a behavior that is enabled because of repurposing of artificial materials as nest components. Half of the Dutch coots are year-round residents (Daalder, 2017), which facilitates embarking on earlier breeding attempts. The Rokin nest summarized 30 years of nest activity, reflected in 10 presumed breeding attempts of a species which normally does not reuse its nest (Gadsby, 1978; Jedlikowski & Polak, 2019). As far as we know, these are the first bird nests that could be dated thanks to expiration dates of the plastic litter used as nesting material, validated by corresponding Google Street View images. Here, we will further discuss these stratigraphically layered bird nests, both from ecological and geological perspectives.
Coots normally build nests for just one breeding season (Gadsby, 1978; Jedlikowski & Polak, 2019). As the plants they naturally use as building material decay rapidly, constant repair is needed to sustain the structure. This disadvantage of natural materials makes long-term use of the same nest impossible, or energetically maladaptive, as nest upkeep stops after the chicks have fledged. However, building with artificial and durable material like plastic may enable reuse of earlier nests. Even the oldest pieces of nest material from the Rokin nest did not show any signs of wear or degradation, so a well-constructed nest made from artificial material may support birds for a long time. As half of the Dutch coots are year-round residents (Daalder, 2018), they may add some new material on top of the nest, but the base of the construction had already been built. Reuse of nests may result in evolutionary advantages. It reduces the search effort for nest material and could lessen building time, in favor of time to defend territories or advance breeding periods. It is unclear to us if nest reuse is stimulated because of such benefits, or because of the scarcity of good urban nest sites like stern platforms of boats, car tires used as dock fender, or artificial nesting platforms. Even though we collected the base of the nest on the Onbekendegracht, on that exact spot, a new nest was built again the following year). However, there may also be disadvantages to nest reuse, such as increased chances of an ectoparasite infestation or a greater risk of predation (Hiemstra et al., 2023b), as urban coots may be preyed upon by, for example, dogs, cats, rats, herons, gulls, and pikes (Daalder, 2017).
Interestingly, the base of the Rokin nest could be dated back to the start of the 1990s, around the time that the first coots started to breed in the city center of Amsterdam (this first occurred at Kattenburg in 1989) (Daalder, 2017; Van Groen & Kooijmans, 2022). The base of the Rokin nest must have been constructed by one of the first coots that entered the center of Amsterdam, as the oldest piece of litter found could be dated to 1991–1994. Following the work of Minias et al. (2018) on coots and urbanization, these first coots in Amsterdam may have been behaviorally and physiologically preadapted to urban life due to phenotype sorting, were extremely plastic in their behavior, or both. By switching from reed to using plastic litter as nesting material, coots may have unlocked the inner city as a breeding area, which was otherwise unsuitable, as the Rokin nesting site lacks natural vegetated banks. Of all the 23 species of waterbirds from Amsterdam, only grebes (Podiceps cristatus) and coots nest in the city center, as these species are more flexible in their nest site selection and are capable of building with plastic (Van Groen & Kooijmans, 2022, p. 52).
Artificial nest material allows birds to reuse earlier nests, if those are still available. Rijkers (unpublished thesis) revealed that 43 of the 112 observed coot nests from Amsterdam were removed during the breeding season of 2022 (38.4%), even though the removal of nests is forbidden by national regulations. Most nests were presumably removed by people, as the nests were constructed on, for example, boats, which consequently cannot be used for the duration of the breeding season. Temporary availability of anthropogenic nest localities has thus been defined as an environmental trap (Reynolds et al., 2019). However, once an undisturbed nest site is found that enables long-term reuse, this place may be referred to as an “ecological magnet” (Hickey, 1942). Such nests may be dated using different methods. Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) in Greenland deposited stratified accumulations of guano, which can accumulate up to 1.5-m thick (Burnham et al., 2009). Radiocarbon dating revealed some of these nests to date back to 2740–2360 years ago. Similar studies carbon dated solidified stomach oil deposits, peat moss deposits, and bone and feather samples (Emslie et al., 2007; Gaston & Donaldson, 1995; Hiller et al., 1988). The use of plastic litter in nests, as a back-dating tool for animals building with artificial material, may be a new instrument in the toolkit of the urban ecologist and prove to be a cheap and fast way to learn about the history of a nest site.
Layer upon layer, with every new breeding attempt, an accumulation of plastic litter in stratigraphic order is laid down, which forms a historical time series. The serial deposits, constructed out of artificial material, may not only document the history of a bird nest, but also reflect the history of our Anthropocene Epoch. Following Zalasiewicz et al. (2014, 2016), we refer to this accumulation as a technostratigraphy, as this contemporary deposit is built up of human artifacts. Geologically speaking, the plastic objects may be regarded as ichnofossils (Barnosky, 2013), being future human trace fossils, specifically distinguished as technofossils, the remains of the technosphere (Haff, 2013). Compared with the biosphere, where almost everything breaks down, the technosphere recycles very little. From all the plastic waste ever produced, only 9% has been recycled (Geyer et al., 2017). While there has been an explosive human population growth, there has also been an orders-of-magnitude increase in the production of human artifacts (Zalasiewicz et al., 2014, 2016). Technofossils will have the capacity to characterize the sedimentary deposits in which they are found. Single-use packages, in particular, may be regarded as feeding traces, pascerichnia, which could act as very precise index fossils, referring to the year and date of advised consumption, thus reflecting a nearly exact moment within the Anthropocene.
Due to globalization, and the spread of artifacts around the world, remains of products of brands like McDonalds that produce a vast amount of technofossils all around the world, will classify as a very consistent marker. McDonalds is one of the most polluting companies (Ahmed, 2023), and almost half of the datable products in our Rokin nest were made by this brand. COVID-19 facemasks, which are often seen in bird nests (Hiemstra, Rambonnet, et al., 2021), have also been suggested as a specific marker for the pandemic years (Weber & Lechthaler, 2021). In the Rokin nest 14 facemasks were present, next to four loose elastic bands originating from such a mask. Based on expiration date analysis, the base of the nest from Onbekendegracht was constructed in 2019, so pre-COVID-19, but it had four facemasks on top when it was collected in 2021. These new top layers help to protect older layers as burial is required for long-term preservation, limiting surface exposure and photodegradation of the plastic (Zalasiewicz et al., 2014). The metal pipe, in which the Rokin nest was built, further secured the stratigraphical structure, preserving a time series as a cylindrical section of a core sample.
While technofossils can be used for “ultrahigh resolution geological dating” (Zalasiewicz et al., 2014, 2016) and the printed text on plastic seems to be very durable (Appendix S1: Section S8), expiration dates do vary, and some products may have a longer shelf life than others. This is reflected by the fact that we discovered 2022 (n = 13), 2023 (n = 4), and 2024 (n = 1) dates on packages in nests that were collected in 2021 (Appendix S1: Sections S3 and S4). Depending on the perishability of a product type, a more fine-tuned time window could be constructed. A package of fresh milk (expiration date 21 May 2013) found in the Rokin nest, or a “ripe avocado” packaging (expiration date 25 May 2021) from the Looiersgracht nest, are very precise markers. Yet a non-food item like a packaged condom found in the Blauwbrug nest, or nonperishable, shelf-stable products, could result in less precise dating, which may be a year or a few years off. The Rokin nest, for example, shows peppermint packaging with an expiration date of 31 January 2020. However, this piece of nest material will probably be from an earlier nest attempt, and not reflect the 2020 breeding season. Furthermore, pieces of older plastic may resurface due to bottom disturbance after being buried for some years. This may explain incidental findings of historic plastic in layers of modern plastics. As an example, we found a bag of paprika chips in the nest located at the Oudezijds Achterburgwal in Amsterdam from the brand “Zakje Smis,” which did not show an expiration date yet dates to the 70s according to its outdated product name.
Expiration dates have previously been used to date seafloor macro litter (Cau et al., 2019) and to reconstruct Anthropocene extreme flood events (Hoffmann & Reicherter, 2014). Jagiello et al. (2023) hypothesized that bird nests which are used over repeated seasons may appear to be built out of more artificial than natural material, due to a variation in the persistence of different nest items. Such a surplus of sheets of artificial material may actually prove to be a useful back-dating tool for ecologists. Future research may shed light on the differences between predation risk and fledging success of urban nests compared with more natural sites, with a special emphasis on the pros and cons of nest reuse.
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С пониманием и отраслевыми пожеланиями, Dimitriy.
Некоторое время тому назад, бывшая премьер министр Мелкобритании «легчайшего поведения» Лиз Трасс заявила о своем желании создать новую социальную сеть, основным достоинством которой станет полное отсутствие цензуры:
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A Timeline of Liz Truss’s 45 Days as U.K. Prime Minister | WSJ
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Liv Struss' NEW Social Media Platform! CPAC Speech (A Liz Truss Parody)
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Liz Truss to launch ‘uncensored’ social network to counter mainstream media
Former PM says she wants to protect free speech after being ‘cut off at the knees’ by ‘the elite’ while at No 10
Liz Truss is preparing to launch her own social media platform championing free speech, as she warned the “deep state” and mainstream media were stifling freedom of expression in Britain.
The former prime minister said the platform would launch this summer. It is her latest attempt to become a leading figure on the radical right in Britain, openly declaring her support for Donald Trump and Elon Musk’s mission to slash state spending in the US.
Truss made the revelation at a cryptocurrency conference in Bedford over the weekend. She said that she had been “cut off at the knees” when she became prime minister by “the elite”, which opposed radical change.
“That has made me think that it’s not enough just to get into number 10,” she said. “What I’m now thinking is we need a media network to be able to communicate to people, to be able to have a grassroots movement that is actually really demanding change of our leaders.”
She said she was worried about how issues were “suppressed or promoted” by the mainstream media, appearing to compare Britain to communist Russia. “This is the kind of thing that we used to see going on in the Soviet Union and it’s now happening to us and it is absolutely shocking that that is the case in modern Britain,” she said.
“I do think this needs to be actively fought and what I am doing is establishing a new free speech network, which will be uncensored and uncancellable, to actually talk about the issues people don’t want to talk about.”
Her attempt to create her own social media platform follows in the footsteps of Trump’s Truth Social, operated by the Trump Media and Technology Group (TMTG). Investing in TMTG became a means by which individual investors showed their support for the US president. TMTG lost $400.9m (£303.5m) last year.
The track record of UK political figures attempting to start their own social networks is not encouraging. The former health secretary Matt Hancock closed his Matt Hancock app in 2023, having launched it five years earlier to “promote a healthy, open and impartial debate”.
The former Tory MP Louise Mensch launched an ill-fated competitor to Twitter called Menshn in 2012. It lasted less than a year, after she and her business partner fell out.
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Truss Social - Liz Truss Wants Her Own Social Media Platform
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15.04.2025
Liz Truss Threatens To Launch Her Own Social Media Network
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‘Bitter, toxic nut’ Liz Truss to launch ‘free speech’ social media platform
Социальная платформа, продвигаемая, как совершенно свободная от цензуры, рекламируемая политиком легчайшего поведения, зарекомендовавшей себя на высоком государственном посту рекордом продолжительности «своей работы» в 50 дней…
В любой стране такая рекомендация вызвала бы сомнения и вопросы, тем более в Мелкобритании, где каждый гражданин, от природы своего государства, всегда, везде и во всем - шпион!
Другими словами, по скромному мнению а.п., Лиз Трасс продвигает сетевой офшор, организуемый спецслужбами Мелкоборитании, пользователям которого будет предложено выводить, отмывать и распределять «чувствительную» информацию, которая будет использоваться в интересах и по усмотрению чиновников и политиков островитян.
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С пониманием и отраслевыми пожеланиями, Dimitriy.
Империализм – высшая стадия капитализма. Так следует из известной работы Ульянова-Ленина, которую он написал в 1916.
А.п. помнит её по тому, что совершенно забыв её название на городском конкурсе по истории в далёком 1981 и за это получил второе место, написав обширный реферат по только набиравшей силу экологии производств капиталистических стран.
Так вот, как писал Владимир Ильич: империализм – высшая стадия капитализма…, а как знаем мы: избыточный гипертрофированный необоснованный профессионализм – высшая стадия либерализма.
Мы много раз разбирали этот важный фактор нашей эпохи, когда профессии продолжая дробится на все более и более мелкие специализации, превращают квалифицированных специалистов в бесполезные, но очень дорогие функции, вся деятельность, весь опыт, все навыки которых направляются на решение одной специфической узкоспециализированной задачи.
А так как в ИСО>ЕСО (например в России) поддержание свойств(качеств) преобразования на одном и том же технологическом уровне затруднительно (и поэтому профессионализм в России не в чести), то вместо специалистов по Продукту получаем специалистов по Процессу, по Форме, которые сами специалистами не являются, а только играют их роль.
Другими словами, в ИСО>ЕСО(например в России), имеет место подражательство лицедейство актёрство имитирующее вполне реальные паразитные явления либерализма присущие ЕСО>ИСО (например США):
Цитата:
Первый заместитель председателя комитета Госдумы по защите семьи, вопросам отцовства, материнства и детства Татьяна Буцкая направила письмо на имя министра труда РФ Котякова с просьбой представить позицию министерства по вопросу защиты прав граждан при обращении к представителям несуществующих профессий, в том числе различным консультантам в сфере охраны здоровья, пишет ТАСС.
По словам депутата, "так называемые доулы, консультанты по грудному вскармливанию, консультанты по сну ребенка, нутрициологи и т. д. осуществляют комплекс действий, непосредственно влияющих на жизнь, здоровье и благополучие граждан, не имея надлежащего лицензирования и законодательного закрепления своих обязанностей".
Депутат подчеркнула, что таких профессий не существует, а значит нет профстандартов, требований к образованию, стандартов оказания услуг. Такая практика, по ее мнению, приводит к нарушениям фундаментальных прав и свобод граждан, в том числе права на охрану здоровья и медицинскую помощь.
Татьяна Викторовна по профессии медик и в наших делах не разбирается, но порыв её понятен и не нов.
Однако, обращение Татьяны Викторовны дает нам возможность поднять давно напрашивающийся вопрос:
- а кто, собственно, спрашивает?!
Татьяна Викторовна дипломированный медик-педиатр, с солидным стажем работы – какие к ней могут быть вопросы?
Как к медику – никаких.
А вот как к депутату….
Депутат - это кто?
Нет-нет. Депутат – избранник народа – это понятно.
Но,
мандат не диплом
!
Какую академию, ВУЗ, ВТУЗ депутатского мастерства с дипломом государственного образца закончила Татьяна Викторовна?
Ведь ни одно высшее учебное заведением в стране депутатов, сенаторов, мэров и губернаторов не готовит!
Есть профессия – чиновник: их готовит Академия Госслужбы.
Есть профессия – законодатель: их готовят юрфаки всей страны.
Но нет профессии депутата, мэра, губернатора, сенатора!
А почему?
Почему никогда не было, нет и не может быть профессии депутата, мэра, губернатора, сенатора?
А по тому, что депутат, мэр, губернатор, сенатор –
по определению должны быть любителями и непрофессионалами
! Ибо в этом их системное назначение, в этом их дилетантская инфантильная неофитская суть!
Другими словами, профессия депутата, профессия мэра, профессия губернатора, профессия сенатора -
только Процессы
! Их квалификация коллективна и именно по этому так важна актуальная связь депутата, мэра, губернатора, сенатора со своими избирателями.
Чем полноценнее такой Обмен, тем богаче Опыт, представительнее Языки, качественнее Навыки и Умения и следовательно, тем профессиональнее Процессы такого специалиста (депутата, мэра, губернатора, сенатора).
...
Разумеется, бороться с псевдоспециалистами необходимо, но в борьбе этой праведной нужно не забывать откуда что берётся, зачем нужно и для чего не Вами назначено.
_________________
С пониманием и отраслевыми пожеланиями, Dimitriy.
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